Previous Year Questions

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

result = add(3, 5)
print(result)  # Output: 8

print("Hello"  # Missing closing parenthesis

a = 5      # int
b = 2.5    # float
c = a + b  # c becomes 7.5 (float) - Python automatically converts int to float

def Sum(N):          # Error 1: Missing colon after N)
    S = 0            # Error 2: S not initialized
    for I in range(1, N+1):  # Error 3: range(N) starts from 0, should be range(1, N+1)
        S = S + I
    return S
print(Sum(10))       # Output: 55

def display_vote():
    f = open("Elections.txt", "r")
    lines = f.readlines()
    for line in lines:
        if 'vote' in line:
            print(line, end='')
    f.close()

def display_vowel_words():
    f = open("Report.txt", "r")
    content = f.read()
    words = content.split()
    vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
    for word in words:
        if word[0] in vowels and word[-1] in vowels:
            print(word, end=' ')
    f.close()

def push_Clr(ClrStack, new_Clr):
    ClrStack.append(new_Clr)

def pop_Clr(ClrStack):
    if isEmpty(ClrStack):
        print("Underflow")
    else:
        return ClrStack.pop()

def isEmpty(ClrStack):
    if len(ClrStack) == 0:
        return True
    else:
        return False

def push_trail(N, myStack):
    for i in range(len(N)-5, len(N)):
        myStack.append(N[i])

def pop_one(myStack):
    if len(myStack) == 0:
        print('Stack Underflow')
        return None
    else:
        return myStack.pop()

def display_all(myStack):
    if len(myStack) == 0:
        print('Empty Stack')
    else:
        for i in range(len(myStack)-1, -1, -1):
            print(myStack[i])

mystr = "GenX"
count=0, i='G': count%2==0, newstr = '' + 'g' = 'g', count=1
count=1, i='e': count%2!=0, newstr = 'g' + str(0) = 'g0', count=2
count=2, i='n': count%2==0, newstr = 'g0' + 'n' = 'g0n', count=3
count=3, i='X': count%2!=0, newstr = 'g0n' + str(2) = 'g0n2', count=4
newstr = 'g0n2' + 'Ge' = 'g0n2Ge'

COUNT(DISTINCT TYPE)

MAX(WAGE)  MIN(WAGE)  TYPE

MAX(WAGE)  MIN(WAGE)  TYPE

import csv

def read_data():
    f = open("P_record.csv", "r")
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    for row in reader:
        if row[1] == 'Cancer':
            print(row)
    f.close()

def count_rec():
    f = open("P_record.csv", "r")
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    count = 0
    for row in reader:
        count += 1
    f.close()
    return count

import mysql.connector as mysql

def Delete_Theatre():
    th_id = input("Enter Theatre ID: ")
    mydb = mysql.connect(host="localhost", user="root", passwd="Ex2025", database="CINEMA")
    mycursor = mydb.cursor()
    query = "DELETE FROM THEATRE WHERE Th_ID = '{}'".format(th_id)
    mycursor.execute(query)
    mydb.commit()
    print("Record deleted successfully")
    mydb.close()

import pickle

def Create():
    f = open("PASSENGERS.DAT", "ab")
    PNR = input("Enter PNR: ")
    PName = input("Enter Name: ")
    BRDSTN = input("Enter Boarding Station: ")
    DESTN = input("Enter Destination: ")
    FARE = float(input("Enter Fare: "))
    rec = [PNR, PName, BRDSTN, DESTN, FARE]
    pickle.dump(rec, f)
    f.close()

def SearchDestn(D):
    f = open("PASSENGERS.DAT", "rb")
    try:
        while True:
            rec = pickle.load(f)
            if rec[3] == D:
                print(rec)
    except EOFError:
        f.close()

def UpdateFare():
    f = open("PASSENGERS.DAT", "rb")
    records = []
    try:
        while True:
            rec = pickle.load(f)
            rec[4] = rec[4] * 1.05
            records.append(rec)
    except EOFError:
        f.close()
    f = open("PASSENGERS.DAT", "wb")
    for rec in records:
        pickle.dump(rec, f)
    f.close()

def EvenOdd():           # Error 1: Missing colon
    for i in range(5):
        num=int(input("Enter a number"))
        if num%2==0:     # Error 2: / should be % (modulo for checking even/odd)
            print("Even")
        else:
            print("Odd") # Error 3: print("Odd") should be indented inside else block
EvenOdd()

def showGrades(S):
    for name in S:
        avg = sum(S[name]) / len(S[name])
        if avg >= 90:
            grade = 'A'
        elif avg >= 60:
            grade = 'B'
        else:
            grade = 'C'
        print(name, '-', grade)

def Puzzle(W, N):
    result = ""
    for i in range(len(W)):
        if (i + 1) % N == 0:
            result += "_"
        else:
            result += W[i]
    return result

subject_list = list(subject)
subject_list.pop()  # or del subject_list[-1]

ALTER TABLE Sports ADD Category VARCHAR(20);
INSERT INTO Sports VALUES('G42', 'Above 18', 'Chess', 'Senior');

    SHOW TABLES;

callon(100, 200): b=100+200=300, a=300-200=100, prints: 300 # 100, returns 300
x = 300
print(300, '@', 200) => 300 @ 200

callon(200): b=200, a=10(default), b=200+10=210, a=210-10=200, prints: 210 # 200, returns 210
y = 210
print(300, '@', 210) => 300 @ 210

L = ['Racecar', 'Car', 'Radar']

W='Racecar': x='RACECAR', x[::-1]='RACECAR', equal (palindrome)

W='Car': x='CAR', x[::-1]='RAC', not equal

W='Radar': x='RADAR', x[::-1]='RADAR', equal (palindrome)

def showInLines():
    f = open("STORY.TXT", "r")
    content = f.read()
    sentence = ""
    for ch in content:
        sentence += ch
        if ch in '.?!':
            print(sentence.strip())
            sentence = ""
    f.close()

def c_words():
    f = open("Words.txt", "r")
    content = f.read()
    upper = 0
    lower = 0
    for ch in content:
        if ch.isupper():
            upper += 1
        elif ch.islower():
            lower += 1
    print("Uppercase:", upper)
    print("Lowercase:", lower)
    f.close()

BigNums = []

def PushBig():
    for num in Nums:
        if len(str(abs(num))) >= 5:
            BigNums.append(num)

def PopBig():
    while len(BigNums) > 0:
        print(BigNums.pop())
    print("Stack Empty")

import csv

def Add_Device():
    f = open("Peripheral.csv", "a", newline='')
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    P_id = int(input("Enter device ID: "))
    P_name = input("Enter device name: ")
    Price = int(input("Enter price: "))
    writer.writerow([P_id, P_name, Price])
    f.close()

def Count_Device():
    f = open("Peripheral.csv", "r")
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    count = 0
    for row in reader:
        if int(row[2]) < 1000:
            count += 1
    print("Number of devices with price less than 1000:", count)
    f.close()

import pickle
def Copy_new():
    f1 = open("items.dat", "rb")
    f2 = open("new_items.dat", "wb")
    try:
        while True:
            rec = pickle.load(f1)
            for key in rec:
                if rec[key][1] > 1000:
                    pickle.dump(rec, f2)
    except EOFError:
        f1.close()
        f2.close()

            # operations on file

import pickle
def disp_Detail():
    f = open("EMP.DAT", "rb")
    try:
        while True:
            rec = pickle.load(f)
            if rec[2] < 25000:
                print(rec)
    except EOFError:
        f.close()

import mysql.connector as mysql
def update_qty():
    mydb = mysql.connect(host="localhost", user="admin", passwd="Shopping", database="Keeper")
    mycursor = mydb.cursor()
    mycursor.execute("UPDATE shop SET Qty=20 WHERE Item_code=111")
    mydb.commit()
    print("Record updated")
    mydb.close()

import mysql.connector as mysql
def display_passengers():
    mydb = mysql.connect(host="localhost", user="root", passwd="airplane", database="Travel")
    mycursor = mydb.cursor()
    mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM flight")
    data = mycursor.fetchall()
    for row in data:
        print(row)
    mydb.close()

def max_num(L):
    max = L[0]        # Error 1: L(0) should be L[0] (square brackets for indexing)
    for a in L:
        if a > max:   # Error 2: Missing colon after if condition
            max = a   # Error 3: Missing indentation
    return max

len(subject) = 5, which is > 4
i=0: subject[0] = 'CS'+'CS' = 'CSCS'
i=1: subject[1] = 'HINDI'+'HINDI' = 'HINDIHINDI'

i=1: lst[1] = 'HINDIHINDI'
i=2: lst[2] = 'PHYSICSPHYSICS'
i=3: lst[3] = 'CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY'
i=4: lst[4] = 'MATHSMATHS'

a=30 (global)
call(35): a%2==0 (30%2==0 True), x=35+30=65, returns 65

call(40): a%2==0 (30%2==0 True), x=40+30=70, returns 70

def LongLines():
    f = open('LINES.TXT', 'r')
    lines = f.readlines()
    for line in lines:
        words = line.split()
        if len(words) >= 10:
            print(line, end='')
    f.close()

def count_Dwords():
    f = open("Details.txt", "r")
    content = f.read()
    words = content.split()
    count = 0
    for word in words:
        if word[-1].isdigit():
            count += 1
    print("Number of words ending with a digit are", count)
    f.close()

def EOReplace(L):
    for i in range(len(L)):
        if L[i] % 2 == 0:
            L[i] += 1
        else:
            L[i] -= 1
    print(L)

Hotel = []

def Push_Cust(customers):
    for cust in customers:
        if cust[1] == 'Delux':
            Hotel.append(cust[0])

def Pop_Cust():
    while len(Hotel) > 0:
        print(Hotel.pop())
    print("Underflow")

stack = []

def Push(Vehicle):
    for car_name in Vehicle:
        if Vehicle[car_name].upper() == 'TATA':
            stack.append(car_name)

count=0, i='N': count%2==0, i.lower()='n' (truthy), newstr='N' (i.upper()). Wait - i.lower() returns 'n' which is truthy. So newstr = '' + 'N' = 'N'. count=1
count=1, i='o': count%2!=0, newstr = 'N' + str(1) = 'N1'. count=2
count=2, i='@': count%2==0, i.lower() returns '@' (truthy for non-empty string), newstr = 'N1' + '@' = 'N1@'. count=3
count=3, i='1': count%2!=0, newstr = 'N1@' + str(3) = 'N1@3'. count=4

import csv

def COURIER_ADD():
    f = open('courier.csv', 'a', newline='')
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    cid = input('Enter Courier ID: ')
    s_name = input('Enter Sender Name: ')
    source = input('Enter Source: ')
    destination = input('Enter Destination: ')
    writer.writerow([cid, s_name, source, destination])
    f.close()

def COURIER_SEARCH():
    dest = input('Enter destination to search: ')
    f = open('courier.csv', 'r')
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    for row in reader:
        if row[3] == dest:
            print(row)
    f.close()

import csv

def Add_Book():
    f = open('Book.csv', 'a', newline='')
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    book_ID = input('Enter Book ID: ')
    B_name = input('Enter Book Name: ')
    pub = input('Enter Publisher: ')
    writer.writerow([book_ID, B_name, pub])
    f.close()

def Search_Book():
    pub_name = input('Enter Publisher Name: ')
    f = open('Book.csv', 'r')
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    count = 0
    for row in reader:
        if row[2] == pub_name:
            count += 1
    print('Number of books by', pub_name, ':', count)
    f.close()

OR (for part iii only)

stack = [10, 20, 30]
element = stack.pop()  # Removes and returns 30
print(element)  # Output: 30

R=MYCUR.fetchone() fetches the first row (M1001, Amina, GYM).

NoVowel = []

def PushNV(N):
    vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
    for word in N:
        has_vowel = False
        for ch in word:
            if ch in vowels:
                has_vowel = True
                break
        if not has_vowel:
            NoVowel.append(word)

# Main program
All = []
for i in range(5):
    word = input("Enter a word: ")
    All.append(word)

PushNV(All)

while len(NoVowel) > 0:
    print(NoVowel.pop(), end=" ")
print("EmptyStack")

Only3_5 = []

def Push3_5(N):
    for num in N:
        if num % 3 == 0 or num % 5 == 0:
            Only3_5.append(num)

# Main program
NUM = []
for i in range(5):
    n = int(input("Enter integer: "))
    NUM.append(n)

Push3_5(NUM)

while len(Only3_5) > 0:
    print(Only3_5.pop(), end=" ")
print("StackEmpty")

    DML (Data Manipulation Language): UPDATE, INSERT

HTML (HyperText Markup Language): Used to display data with predefined tags. Focuses on how data looks.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Used to transport and store data with user-defined tags. Focuses on what data is.

import math
W = input('Enter a word')
if W == 'Hello':
    print(W)

X = 25
X = 20

def Show_words():
    f = open('NOTES.TXT', 'r')
    data = f.read()
    print(data.upper())
    f.close()

def RecsumNat(N):
    if N == 0:
        return 0
    else:
        return N + RecsumNat(N - 1)

def PushS(List):
    val = int(input('Enter value to push: '))
    List.append(val)

def PopS(List):
    if len(List) == 0:
        print('Stack Underflow')
    else:
        val = List.pop()
        print('Deleted element:', val)

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Transfers data in plain text, uses port 80, no encryption, less secure. Used for general web browsing.

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure): Transfers data in encrypted form using SSL/TLS, uses port 443, provides authentication and data integrity. Used for secure transactions like online banking and shopping.